Чи набір усіх примітивних слів є головною мовою?


17

Слово ww називається примітивним , якщо немає слова vv і k > 1,k>1 так що w = v kw=vk . Множина QQ усіх примітивних слів над алфавітом ΣΣ - добре відома мова. WLOG ми можемо вибрати Σ = { a , b }Σ={a,b} .

Мова LL є простим , якщо для кожної мови AA і BB з L = A ⋅ BL=A⋅B маємо A = { ϵ }A={ϵ} або B = { ϵ }B={ϵ} .

Q простий?

За допомогою SAT вирішувач я міг би показати , що ми або маємо { а , Ь } ⊆ A{a,b}⊆A або { а , Ь } ⊆ B{a,b}⊆B , як в іншому випадку { б б , б б в б } ⊂ Q{ababa,babab}⊂Q не може бути розкладено AA і BB , але з тих пір застрягли.

Відповіді:


13

Відповідь - так. Припустимо , що ми маємо розкладання на множники Q = A ⋅ BQ=A⋅B .

Одне легке зауваження - це те, що AA і BB повинні бути неперервними (оскільки для w ∈ A ∩ Bw∈A∩B ми отримаємо w 2 ∈ Qw2∈Q ). Зокрема, лише один з A , BA,B може містити ϵϵ . Можна вважати , без втрати спільності (так як в іншому випадку цілком симетрично) , що е ∈ Bϵ∈B . Тоді , так як і б не може бути врахований в непусті чинники, ми повинні мати , б ∈ A .aba,b∈A

Далі отримаємо, що a m b n ∈ Aambn∈A (і, абсолютно аналогічно, b m a n ∈ Abman∈A ) для всіх m , n > 0m,n>0 шляхом індукції на mm :

При т = 1m=1 , так як в б п ∈ Qabn∈Q , ми повинні мати в б п = U Vabn=uv з U ∈ A , про ∈ Bu∈A,v∈B . Оскільки u ≠ ϵu≠ϵ , vv має бути b kbk для деякого k ≤ nk≤n . Але якщо k > 0k>0 , то оскільки b ∈ Ab∈A отримуємо b 1 + k ∈ Qb1+k∈Q , протиріччя. Такv = εv=ϵ , а б п ∈ . abn∈A

For the inductive step, since am+1bn∈Qam+1bn∈Q we have am+1bn=uvam+1bn=uv with u∈A,v∈Bu∈A,v∈B. Since again u≠ϵu≠ϵ, we have either v=akbnv=akbn for some 0<k<m+10<k<m+1, or v=bkv=bk for some k<nk<n. But in the former case, vv is already in AA by the induction hypothesis, so v2∈Qv2∈Q, contradiction. In the latter case, we must have k=0k=0 (i.e. v=ϵv=ϵ) since from b∈Ab∈A we get b1+k∈Qb1+k∈Q. So u=am+1bn∈Au=am+1bn∈A.

Now consider the general case of primitive words with rr alternations between aa and bb, i.e. ww is either am1bn1…amsbnsam1bn1…amsbns, bm1an1…bmsansbm1an1…bmsans (for r=2s−1r=2s−1), am1bn1…ams+1am1bn1…ams+1, or bm1an1…bms+1bm1an1…bms+1 (for r=2sr=2s); we can show that they are all in AA using induction on rr. What we did so far covered the base cases r=0r=0 and r=1r=1.

For r>1r>1, we use another induction on m1m1, which works very much the same way as the one for r=1r=1 above:

If m1=1, then w=uv with u∈A,v∈B, and since u≠ϵ, v has fewer than r alternations. So v (or its root in case v itself is not primitive) is in A by the induction hypothesis on r for a contradiction as above unless v=ϵ. So w=u∈A.

If m1>1, in any factorization w=uv with u≠ϵ, v either has fewer alternations (and its root is in A unless v=ϵ by the induction hypothesis on r), or a shorter first block (and its root is in A unless v=ϵ by the induction hypothesis on m1). In either case we get that we must have v=ϵ, i.e. w=u∈A.


The case of Q′:=Q∪{ϵ} is rather more complicated. The obvious things to note are that in any decomposition Q=A⋅B, both A and B must be subsets of Q′ with A∩B={ϵ}. Also, a,b must be contained in A∪B.

With a bit of extra work, one can show that a and b must be in the same subset. Otherwise, assume wlog that a∈A and b∈B. Let us say that w∈Q′ has a proper factorization if w=uv with u∈A∖{ϵ} and v∈B∖{ϵ}. We have two (symmetric) subcases depending on where ba goes (it must be in A or B since it has no proper factorization).

  • If ba∈A, then aba has no proper factorization since ba,a∉B. Since aba∈A would imply abab∈A⋅B, we get aba∈B. As a consequence, bab is neither in A (which would imply bababa∈A⋅B) nor in B (which would imply abab∈A⋅B). Now consider the word babab. It has no proper factorization since bab∉A∪B and abab,baba are not primitive. If babab∈A, then since aba∈B we get (ba)4∈A⋅B; if babab∈B, then since a∈A we get (ab)3∈A⋅B. So there is no way to have babab∈A⋅B, contradiction.
  • The case ba∈B is completely symmetric. In a nutshell: bab has no proper factorization and cannot be in B, so it must be in A; therefore aba cannot be in A or B; therefore ababa has no proper factorization but also cannot be in either A or B, contradiction.

I am currently not sure how to proceed beyond this point; it would be interesting to see if the above argument can be systematically generalized.


Wow, you have my respect. I'll go through it later today or tomorrow as I don't have time right now, but I am seriously impressed :) It took me a few hours to get that {a, b} are in A but I didn't exploit that \epsilon is not a primitive word. How did you approach this problem (or was it "just do it"?)? How long did it take you to come up with that proof?
— Henning

Thanks! I got the main idea (showing that any nonempty proper suffix of words must be in A) by thinking about what happens to some "simple" words. ϵ,a, and b were relatively straightforward, an or bn were out of the question, and considering ab,abb,abbb,… got me on the right path.
— Klaus Draeger

4
Your proof is beautiful and not as hard as I thought (I feel quite stupid now, I spent some time thinking about it). However it seems to heavily relay on epsilon not being element of Q. Is Q∪{ϵ} also prime?
— Henning

1
Good question! I'll have to get back to you on that one.
— Klaus Draeger

2
Thanks for the comments, and sorry for the delay. The case where we want to include the empty word seems to be more complicated, see update.
— Klaus Draeger
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